Scala’s primary platform is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). (Other supported platforms: Scala.js, Scala Native.)
Sometimes new JVM and JDK (Java Development Kit) versions require us to update Scala to remain compatible.
Scala compatibility table
Minimum Scala versions:
| JDK | 3 | 3 LTS | 2.13 | 2.12 | 2.11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | 3.4.0 | 3.3.1 | 2.13.15 | 2.12.20 | |
| 22 | 3.4.0 | 3.3.1 | 2.13.13 | 2.12.19 | |
| 21 (LTS) | 3.4.0 | 3.3.1 | 2.13.11 | 2.12.18 | |
| 17 (LTS) | 3.0.0 | 3.3.0 | 2.13.6 | 2.12.15 | |
| 11 (LTS) | 3.0.0 | 3.3.0 | 2.13.0 | 2.12.4 | 2.11.12 |
| 8 (LTS) | 3.0.0 | 3.3.0 | 2.13.0 | 2.12.0 | 2.11.0 |
* = forthcoming; support available in nightly builds
Even when a version combination isn’t listed as supported, most features might still work.
Using the latest patch version of your chosen Scala version line is always recommended.
Lightbend offers commercial support for Scala 2. The linked page includes contact information for inquiring about supported and recommended versions.
Build tool compatibility table
Minimum working versions:
| JDK | sbt | mill |
|---|---|---|
| 21 (LTS) | 1.9.0 | 0.11.5 |
| 17 (LTS) | 1.6.0 | 0.7.0 |
| 11 (LTS) | 1.1.0 | 0.1.5 |
| 8 (LTS) | 1.0.0 | 0.1.0 |
Even when a version combination isn’t listed as supported, most features might still work.
Using a different build tool, such as Gradle or Maven? We invite pull requests adding additional columns to this table.
Running versus compiling
JDK 8, 11, 17, and 21 are all reasonable choices both for compiling and running Scala code.
Since the JVM is normally backwards compatible, it is usually safe to use a newer JVM for running your code than the one it was compiled on, especially if you are not using JVM features designated “experimental” or “unsafe”.
JDK 8 remains in use at some shops (as of 2023), but usage is declining and some projects are dropping support. If you compile on JDK 11+ but want to allow your users to stay on 8, additional care is needed to avoid using APIs and features that don’t exist in 8. (For this reason, some Scala developers use a newer JDK for their daily work but do release builds on JDK 8.)
Long Term Support (LTS) versions
After Java 8, Oracle introduced the concept of LTS versions of the JDK. These versions will remain supported (by Oracle, and likely by the rest of the ecosystem, including Scala) for longer than the versions in between. See https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/eol-135779.html.
JDK 8, 11, 17, and 21 are LTS versions. (The next LTS version will be 25.)
Scala provides experimental support for running the Scala compiler on non-LTS versions of the JDK. The current LTS versions are normally tested in our CI matrix and by the Scala community build. We may also test non-LTS versions, but any issues found there are considered lower priority, and will not be considered release blockers. (Lightbend may be able to offer faster resolution of issues like this under commercial support.)
As already mentioned, Scala code compiled on JDK 8 should run without problems in later JVMs. We will give higher priority to bugs that break this property. (For example, in 2.13.x we might eventually provide support for JPMS module access checks, to ensure your code won’t incur LinkageErrors due to module access violations.)
JDK vendors and distributions
In almost every case, you’re free to use the JDK and JVM of your choice.
JDK 8 users typically use the Oracle JDK or some flavor of OpenJDK.
Most JDK 11+ users are using OpenJDK, or GraalVM which runs in the context of OpenJDK. GraalVM performs well on the Scala benchmarks, and it benefits from GraalVM runtime and runs faster too.
OpenJDK comes in various flavors, offered by different providers. We build and test Scala using Temurin primarily, but the differences are unlikely to matter to most users.
JDK 11 compatibility notes
The Scala test suite and Scala community build are green on JDK 11.
In general, Scala works on JDK 11+, including GraalVM, but may not take special advantage of features that were added after JDK 8.
For example, the Scala compiler does not enforce the restrictions of the Java Platform Module System, which means that code that typechecks may incur linkage errors at runtime. Scala 2.13.x will eventually provide rudimentary support for this (perhaps only in nightlies built on JDK 11).
To track progress on JDK 11 related issues in Scala, watch:
- the “Support JDK 11” issue
- the jdk11 label in scala/bug
JDK 17 compatibility notes
JDK 17 is an LTS release.
Scala 2.13.6+ and 2.12.15+ support JDK 17.
The Scala test suite and Scala community build are green on JDK 17.
For sbt users, sbt 1.6.0-RC1 is the first version to support JDK 17, but in practice sbt 1.5.5 may also work. (It will print a warning on startup about TrapExit that you can ignore.)
For possible Scala issues, see the jdk11 and jdk17 labels in the Scala 2 bug tracker.
JDK 21 compatibility notes
JDK 21 is an LTS release.
Scala 3.3.1+, 2.13.11+, and 2.12.18+ support JDK 21.
The Scala test suite and Scala 2.13 community build are green on JDK 21.
For sbt users, sbt 1.9.0 is the first version to support JDK 21.
For possible Scala issues, see the jdk11, jdk17, and jdk21 labels in the Scala 2 bug tracker.
JDK 22 compatibility notes
JDK 22 is non-LTS.
Scala 2.13.13+ and 2.12.19+ support JDK 22.
We are working on adding JDK 22 support to the 3.3.x release series. (Support may be available in nightly builds.)
For possible Scala 2 issues, see the jdk11, jdk17, and jdk21 labels in the Scala 2 bug tracker.
JDK 23 compatibility notes
JDK 23 is non-LTS.
Scala 2.13.15+ and Scala 2.12.20+ support JDK 23.
We are working on adding JDK 23 support to Scala 3. (Support may be available in nightly builds and/or release candidates.)
For possible Scala 2 issues, see the jdk11, jdk17, and jdk21 labels in the Scala 2 bug tracker.
GraalVM Native Image compatibility notes
There are several records of successfully using Scala with GraalVM Native Image (i.e., ahead of time compiler) to produce directly executable binaries. Beware that, even using solely the Scala standard library, Native Image compilation have some heavy requirements in terms of reflective access, and it very likely require additional configuration steps to be performed.
A few sbt plugins are offering support for GraalVM Native Image compilation:
Scala 3
The Scala 3.x series supports JDK 8, as well as 11 and beyond.
As Scala and the JVM continue to evolve, some eventual Scala version may drop support for JDK 8, in order to better take advantage of new JVM features. It isn’t clear yet what the new minimum supported version might become.